B 82, 045122 (2010).The last few decades have witnessed the extraordinary advances in theoretical and experimental tools, which have enabled the manipulation and monitoring of ultrafast dynamics with high precisions. Model Hamiltonian for topological insulators. (ed.) in Topological Insulators: Dirac Equation in Condensed Matters 1st edn, Ch. Ultrafast surface state spin-carrier dynamics in the topological insulator Bi 2Te 2Se. Semiclassical spin transport in spin–orbit-coupled bands.
Giant Rashba-type spin splitting in bulk BiTeI. New perspectives for Rashba spin–orbit coupling. Gigantic surface lifetime of an intrinsic topological insulator. Possible flat band bending of the Bi 1.5Sb 0.5Te 1.7Se 1.3 crystal cleaved in an ambient air probed by terahertz emission spectroscopy. Ultra-high modulation depth exceeding 2,400% in optically controlled topological surface plasmons. Nonlinear optical probe of tunable surface electrons on a topological insulator. Reactive chemical doping of the Bi 2Se 3 topological insulator. Coexistence of the topological state and a two-dimensional electron gas on the surface of Bi 2Se 3. Topological-metal to band-insulator transition in (Bi 1− xIn x) 2Se 3 thin films. Phonon mode calculations and Raman spectroscopy of the bulk-insulating topological insulator BiSbTeSe 2. Polarization-resolved study of high harmonics from bulk semiconductors.
Observation of topological surface state quantum Hall effect in an intrinsic three-dimensional topological insulator. Topological surface states originated spin–orbit torques in Bi 2Se 3. Spin-transfer torque generated by a topological insulator. Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces. Soumyanarayanan, A., Reyren, N., Fert, A. Hexagonal warping effects in the surface states of the topological insulator Bi 2Te 3. Circular dichroism in high-order harmonic generation: heralding topological phases and transitions in Chern insulators. Topological strong-field physics on sub-laser-cycle timescale. F., Jiménez-Galán, A., Amorim, B., Smirnova, O. High-harmonic generation in solids with and without topological edge states. Measurement of the Berry curvature of solids using high-harmonic spectroscopy. Extremely efficient terahertz high-harmonic generation in graphene by hot Dirac fermions. High-harmonic generation in graphene enhanced by elliptically polarized light excitation. High-harmonic generation from an atomically thin semiconductor. Real-time observation of interfering crystal electrons in high-harmonic generation. Sub-cycle control of terahertz high-harmonic generation by dynamical Bloch oscillations. Observation of high-order harmonic generation in a bulk crystal. Lightwave valleytronics in a monolayer of tungsten diselenide. Temporal and spectral fingerprints of ultrafast all-coherent spin switching. Subcycle observation of lightwave-driven Dirac currents in a topological surface band. Higuchi, T., Heide, C., Ullmann, K., Weber, H. Topological insulators and superconductors. The dependence of HHG on surface doping in ambient air also suggests the presence of a Rashba-split two-dimensional electron gas, whose strength can be enhanced by an increase in the intensity of the mid-infrared pump. The components of the even-order harmonics that are polarized along the pump polarization stem from the spin current in helical surface states, whereas the perpendicular components originate from the out-of-plane spin polarization related to the hexagonal wrapping effect 17. Here, we observe HHG that arises from topological surface states in the intrinsic topological insulator BiSbTeSe 2. Despite several theoretical attempts to identify a topological signature in the high-harmonic spectrum 14, 15, 16, a unique fingerprint has yet to be found experimentally. Similarly, high-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids provides insights into the dynamics of the electrons in topological insulators 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Intense laser fields can drive ballistic charge dynamics in Dirac bands 3, 4 or they can coherently steer spin 5 and valley pseudospin 6. They exhibit unconventional charge and spin transport properties 1, 2. Three-dimensional topological insulators are a phase of matter that hosts unique spin-polarized gapless surface states that are protected by time-reversal symmetry.
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